Human Behavior and Evolution Society
Newsletter
Spring, 1998 Volume VII, No. I
Editor: Kevin MacDonald Features Editor: Gene Mesher
The View From The Presidents Window
Margo Wilson
Diffusion or Independent Inventions?
Every year at the annual HBES conference I meet people who had recently "discovered" our Society and were delighted to find so many like-minded folks. Their delight presumably derives from the fact that they felt intellectually isolated in their department, discipline, or academic institution because of their enthusiasm for thinking about the relevance of selection in understanding the psychology and actions of Homo sapiens. For some folks, selectionist social science was an obvious and independent generalization from selectionist biology, and for others, a book or article or commentary was sufficient impetus to explore the ramifications. But perhaps by now many HBESers are intellectual descendants of these formerly lonely folks.
The desire or need to display and enjoy mutual enthusiasms, factoids, and insights is undoubtedly a human universal. And around the globe there are apparently independent spontaneous gatherings of people who are enthusiastic about selection thinking for the study of the talkative hairless biped.
Maybe you would be interested in three such gatherings Ive attended. The first one was in London.
Evolution and The Human Sciences; London, June 2426, 1993. Helena Cronin, a philosopher at the Centre for the Philosophy of the Natural and Social Sciences of the London School of Economics, was the instigator and organizer of a gathering of some 300 people from Britain and abroad. We listened to well-known and not-so-well-known intellectual giants on topics ranging from virulence and maternal-fetal conflict to theory-of-mind, world history, and economics. Helena is a gentle but formidable force in changing the intellectual climate of Britain with respect to selection-thinking about human affairs. Darwin was, of course, an Englishman and we all are indebted to a long series of theoretical and empirical contributions by Brits (see H. Cronin, The Ant and the Peacock, Cambridge U. Press 1991), but even as recently as 1993 they seemed reluctant to include Homo sapiens as an appropriate subject of selectionist science. Since 1993 this no longer is the case. I was sorry to have missed Geoffrey Millers "Workshop on the evolution of utilities and utility functions: biological foundations of economics" held at University College, London, December 12, 1997.
If youre traveling to London try to coincide your visit with the monthly Darwinian seminar/salon at the Centre for the Philosophy of the Natural and Social Sciences which always showcases two interesting speakers. A spot of tea and a glass of wine add to the festive mood. Also check out the Centres electronic magazine, The Evolutionist (website
address: http://www.lse.ac.uk/depts/cpnss/evolutionist). And watch out for the new Darwinism Today series of pocketbook essays starting in the fall of 1998 with one by John Maynard Smith.
Human Behaviour and Evolutionary Biology, Stockholm; November 2829, 1996. Staffan Ulfstrand (Zoology, Univ. of Uppsala) and Nils Uddenberg (Swedish Institute for Future Studies, Stockholm) organized this gathering of a couple hundred social and medical scientists, philosophers and other scholars. Staffan and Nils explained to us that they and several other colleagues felt that the Swedish academy had not been adequately informed about selection-thinking of Homo sapiens. This surprised me given that Sweden, in my opinion, has been the leader in behavioural ecological studies of non-human animals. There were only six main speakers including Richard Alexander (Biology, Univ. of Michigan), John Maynard Smith (Biology, Univ. of Sussex), Volker Sommer (Anthropology, Univ. of London), and Donald Brown (Anthropology, Univ. of Calif.-Santa Barbara), but discussants from several Swedish universities and a quick audience were ready with challenges and extended discussions. I enjoyed the reminiscingover a good Swedish lagerof Dick Alexander and John Maynard Smith about the science and people of evolutionary biology. If only there had been a whole day devoted to RDAs overview of the compelling reasons for a selectionist social science of Homo sapiens under the title of "Evolution and the Arts". And what a pleasure to hear JMS discuss language.
Human Behaviour and Evolution: Toward a New Horizon of Sociobiology; Tokyo, November 89, 1997. Mariko Haraiwa-Hasegawa (History & Philosophy of Science, Senshu Univ.) and Toshikazu Hasegawa (
Cognitive & Behavioral Science, Univ. of Tokyo) organized this gathering of psychologists, anthropologists, philosophers, behavioural and theoretical ecologists, and other scholars. Mariko and Toshikazu are known for their field studies of the chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains of Tanzania. Since then, they have been studying lekking in deer, sexual selection in peacocks, and a diversity of phenomena in humans. Did you see their winning posters at HBES 1997?We who dont know Japanese cannot fully appreciate their efforts in educating Japanese social scientists and the public. Mariko has translated The Ant and the Peacock, The Red Queen (by Matt Ridley), Plan and Purpose in Nature (by G.C. Williams), and they co-translated The Third Chimpanzee (by Jared Diamond). Mariko is also the author of Why are Peacocks so Beautiful? (about sexual selection and female choice), Male and Female (general introduction to the behavioural ecology of sex), and Puzzle over the Number of Males and Females (about sex ratio variation). And she produced and hosted a series of weekly television productions on sexual selection "Why are there males and females?" These programs were broadcast nationally from National Broadcasting Corporation, AprilJune 1997). Mariko and Toshikazu are indeed well-qualified to lead the social sciences in Japan into the next millennium.
In addition, they have excellent and enthusiastic colleagues and students to help them in this endeavour. We met many at the second annual workshop, "Human Behaviour and Evolution: Toward a New Horizon of Sociobiology" (University of Tokyo).
The topics were far-ranging from game theory models of anisogamy by Hiroyuki Matsuda to a dynamic critique by Akiko Uchida of the "man-the-hunter" model of hominization which doesnt adequately incorporate all that is now known about human social and ecological adaptations.While visiting Kyoto University, Martin and I met Ryo Oda who not only has studied the behavioural ecology of Madgascan lemurs and Japanese macaques but also cheater detection in humans (see Evolution & Human Behavior 18: 309315). John Constable and Hajime Nozawa are exploring the implications of sexual selection on the form and content of English verse. Michael Huffman is pursuing Darwinian medicine of chimpanzees, or as he would say "chemo-ethology of hominoid interactions with medicinal plants and parasites".
I hope these Darwinians will be able to attend future HBES meetings and publish in our English-language journals so that we all can benefit from their scholarship and research.
If I had surveyed HBESers I would have discovered many other examples of social scientists new interest in selection-thinking about Homo sapiens. I like to think that the process of the successful invasion of the selection-thinking mutation in the social science ecosystem is the result of its superior benefits over the moribund alternatives.
January 8, 1998
Announcements
HBES 1998 Conference
. The 10th annual meeting of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society will be held at the University of California-Davis 812 July, 1998. Keynote Speaker: Richard Nisbett; Plenary Speakers: Nancy Burley, Catherine Eckel, Peter Ellison, Gerd Gigerenzer, Mariko Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, Alan Rogers. Deadlines: for papers, posters and symposia abstracts, March 16; for New Investigator and Post-Doctoral competitions, June 1; for registration, April 21. Local Host: Peter Richerson (phone: 916 752-2781; fax: 916 752-3350; email pjricherson@ucfavis.edu). HBES conference website: http://www.des.ucdavis.edu![]()
HBES Panel on Evolution, Controversy, and the Media. Frank Miele and Michael Shermer of Skeptic Magazine are arranging a symposium on evolution, controversy, and the media at the forthcoming HBES conference. It would examine/discuss three areas: (1) Evolution as a controversial subject (vs. Creationism and all that) among the public and therefore in the media; (2) Controversy over the adapatationist programmedia coverage of the disagreements between those who work within the Adaptationist Program (i.e., most of HBES) and its critics WITHIN biology (e.g., S. J. Gould); 3) Controversies within HBES (individual vs. group differences, universal vs. differenential models). The focus would not be on these issues per se, but one how they are treated in the media and/or tips on how to get more and more accurate coverage in the media. Contact Frank Miele, Senior Editor, SKEPTIC Magazine, 620 Iris Ave (#216), Sunnyvale, CA 94086; phone: 408 738-1927; fax: 408 738-5949; email: fmielex@aol.com
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HBES Panel on the Arts. Brett Cooke is arranging a panal or panels on the arts for the forthcoming HBES conference. He is also attempting to schedule a meeting on evolutionary psychology of the arts for the day after the HBES conference ends, provided the necessary space is available. Contact Brett Cooke, Modern & Classical Languages, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4238; phone: 409 693-3704; email: lbc3432@unix.tamu.edu
The Fourth Annual Aaron T. Beck Across-Species Comparisons and Psychopathology (ASCAP) Competition. March 15 is the deadline for submission of not-previously-published essays on evolutionary biology and psychopathology. Single authored papers may be submitted by students of relevant fields (e.g., psychiatry, psychology, biology, anthropology) as well as by recent graduates (within 3 years or terminal degree or residency graduation). The winner will receive $1000, a years subscription to the ASCAP Newsletter, and a plaque awarded at the annual meeting of the ASCAP Society to be held on 8 July 1998 in Davis, California, on the day anticipating the annual meeting of HBES. All participants should send three copies of their paper to Thomas Joiner, Ph.D., Chairman of the Beck ASCAP Award Committee, Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1051. Postmark deadline is 3/15/98. Call 904 644-2040 for more information or send email to joiner@darwin.psy.fsu.edu.
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Fourteenth Bi-Annual Conference of the International Society for Human Ethology (ISHE). The ISHE conference will be held August 1923, 1998 at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. The conference will feature invited talks, paper and poster presentations. The focus of the conference will be on integrating proximate and ultimate explanations in the study of mind and behavior. Plenary speakers will include David Haig, (Harvard Univ.), "Genetic imprinting, conflicts of interest, and development"; Doreen Kimura (Univ. of Western Ontario, Canada), "Biological contributions to sex differences in human cognitive abilities"; and Simon Baron-Cohen (Cambridge Univ., England), "Evolution, autism, and theories of mind" The deadline for proposals and abstracts is April 1, 1998. Abstract mailing address and contact for technical questions for symposia, workshops, and posters: Dr. Charles Crawford, Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6; phone (604) 291-3660, fax (604) 291-3427; email: Crawford@sfu.ca; 1998 ISHE Conference website:
http://www.sfu.ca/cstudies/conf/humanwww/;
ISHE website: http://evolution.humb.univie.ac.at/ishe.html
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Sunbelt XVIII and 5th European International Conference on Social Networks. The International Conference on Social Networks (the joint 5th European and 18th Sunbelt Conference) will be held at the Gran Sitges Hotel in Sitges (near Barcelona), Spain, from Thursday, May 28 through Sunday, May 31, 1998, with registration on Wednesday, May 27. The conference provides an interdisciplinary forum for social scientists, mathematicians, computer scientists, ethologists, and others interested in social networks. The conference is sponsored by the International Network for Social Network Analysis (INSNA), Universitat de Barcelona, and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. For information on paper submissions, contact: Program Committee, International Social Network Conference, ICS Grote Rozenstraat 31, 9712 TG Groningen, The Netherlands; fax: +31-50-363-6226; email: Social.Networks@ppsw.rug.nl; for information on conference registration, contact: Sunbelt XVIII and 5th European International Conference on Social Networks / NAGAR; Departament de Sociologia; Universitat de Barcelona; Diagonal, 690 08034 - Barcelona; Fax: 34 3 2802378; Tel: 34 3 4021804;
e-mail: nagar@riscd2.eco.ub.es; Website:
http://www.heinz.cmu.edu/project/INSNA/
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Call for papers: Marriage, morality, and emotions: Updating Edward Westermarck. A symposium devoted to the work of anthropologist, sociologist and philosopher Edward Westermarck (18621939) will be held in Helsinki, Finland, November 1922, 1998. The symposium is organized by The Westermarck Society, the scholarly association of Finnish sociologists. Particularly welcome are papers that attempt to update any of Westermarcks central analyses of sex, the family, morality and social emotions. Papers that deal with the historical context of Westermarcks work are invited as well. Plenary speakers include: Arthur P. Wolf (Stanford Univ.); Frans de Waal (Emory Univ.), Frank Salter (Max Planck Gesellschaft, Andechs); and Maurice Bloch (London School of Economics) jointly with Dan Sperber (CNRS, Paris). The number of papers will be limited to about 30. Deadline for abstracts is April 15, 1998. Acceptance announcements will be sent by May 30. Send inquiries to: Jukka-Pekka Takala, National Research Institute of Legal Policy, POB 1200, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland; Telephone + 358 9 1825 7874; Fax + 358 9 1825 7865; email: Jukka-Pekka.Takala@Helsinki.Fi
website: http://org.utu.fi/yhd/westermarck/
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Evolution and Human Behavior Website. Elsevier Science maintains information on all its journals, including E&HB. Follow the path from http://www.elsevier.com by searching for Evolution and Human Behavior under journals, or, use this very long address without further searches:
http://www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/5/0/5/7/6/0/index.htt. Information is available on contents and mailing dates of past issues as well as instructions for authors. To subscribe, contact HBES Treasurer Patrick McKim (email: pmckim@calpoly.edu).
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Human Nature Website. The website for Human Nature is http://www.unm.edu/~humnat/. Human Nature is a quarterly journal that publishes peer-reviewed articles on biosocial factors underlying human behavior. The new website provides information on subscriptions (including discounts for HBES members), submissions, the editorial and review process, contents of each issue since 1990 (the inaugural year), and forthcoming articles. The journal is published by Aldine de Gruyter (Hawthorne, New York) and edited by Jane B. Lancaster (Univ. of New Mexico).
Evolutionary Psychology Papers Needed. David Buss is finishing the final revision of his undergraduate textbook on evolutionary psychology, and asks that researchers send their latest publications (out or "in press") immediately to ensure that the text is maximally up to date. Please send to: David M. Buss, Dept. of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712
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Course on Clinical Applications. A course entitled "Healing the Moral Animal: Lessons from Evolution" will be conducted July 2024, 1998 as part of the 19th Cape Cod Institute. Sessions will be from 9 A. M.12:15 P. M. with extended sessions on Monday and Tuesday. Speakers will be Robert Wright, Russ Gardner, John Pearce, and James Brody. Evolutionary models for human social behavior will be explored in a manner conducive to clinical applications. Course handbook will be included. 15 continuing education credits are available for psychologists, physicians, nurses, counselors, marriage and family therapists, and addictions counselors. Fees are $435.00 for one registrant, $285.00 for medical residents or graduate students (documentation required). Website: www.cape.org/1998/ Contact James F. Brody, Ph. D., 1261 West Bridge St., Spring City, PA 19475; jbrody@compuserve.com
Proposed Changes in the HBES Constitution
The Executive Council requests that you consider several proposed amendments to the original Constitution drafted in 1989. These proposed changes were examined by Council members at the 1997 Executive Council meeting of HBES in Tucson June 4, 1997 and are intended to reflect the current practices of the society. Please note Section 1 of Article VII and Section 2 of Article II of the Constitution. Words in square Brackets will be deleted and replaced with upper case words in the proposed revision. Please study the Constitution and send your comments or suggested revisions to Margo Wilson for further consideration by the Executive Council. In a future newsletter you will be asked to vote for affirmation of the amendments to the Constitution.
THE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND
EVOLUTION SOCIETY
CONSTITUTION
ARTICLE I
Name and Purpose
Section 1. The Society shall be known as The Human Behavior and Evolution Society.
Section 2. The purpose of the Society shall be to encourage the use of evolutionary theory to understand human behavior and to promote the exchange of information about relevant research and scholarship among interested scientists and scholars in all disciplines. The methods for accomplishing these purposes shall include a meeting to be held annually.
Section 3. Neither the Society, nor its Council, committees or officers acting in their capacity as such shall take positions on social or political issues and controversies.
ARTICLE II
Membership and Dues
Section 1. Any persons shall be eligible for membership who have contributed or, as registered graduate students, are preparing to contribute to the development and use of Darwinian evolutionary theory to improve understanding of human behavior, the behavior of other animals or the organic processes associated with behavior.
Section 2. The dues for membership shall be determined by the Council. Members whose dues are not in arrears shall have the right to vote.
ARTICLE III
Officers and Council
Section 1. The elected Officers of the Society shall be a President, a President-Elect, a Past-President each serving [one] TWO-year terms, and a [Secretary-Treasurer] SECRETARY-ARCHIVIST AND A TREASURER EACH SERVING A SIX-YEAR TERM. The President-Elect [and Secretary-Treasurer], TREASURER AND SECRETARY-ARCHIVIST shall be elected directly by the Society electorate. The President-Elect and the President, shall automatically become President and Past-President, respectively, at the completion of their [one] TWO-year terms. The President-Elect shall become President if the office of President becomes vacant and shall then serve until the end of the term following the term of the previous President. A President who resigns before the end of her or his elected term shall become Past-President at the end of the term.
Section 2. The Council shall consist of thirteen voting members. The members shall be the [four] FIVE officers of the Society, six members-at-large elected for staggered [3] 6-year terms with two elected each BIENNIAL year, and [three] ONE member[s]-at-large appointed by the Council for [staggered three] A SIX-year term[s] [with one appointed each year], AS WELL AS A STUDENT REPRESENTATIVE WHO SHALL BE ELECTED ANNUALLY BY THE GRADUATE STUDENTS AS THEIR REPRESENTATIVE TO COUNCIL. No member-at-large shall be eligible for a new term until two years after the expiration of a previous term.
Section 3. The Council shall be the governing body of the Society. The Council shall meet at least once each year at the time of the annual meeting of the Society. Additional Council meetings may be called by the President or by a majority of the Council members. The Council shall call regular and special meetings of the Society. It shall set registration fees and other policies for each annual meeting. It shall adopt an annual budget for the regular meeting, for routine administrative expenses and for any other Society activities it may authorize. It shall fill vacancies in its elective membership, such appointees to hold office until the next regular election. It shall have the power to interpret the Constitution. IT SHALL DECIDE POLICIES ON ANY ACTIVITIES REPRESENTING THE SOCIETY. IN MAKING DECISIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SOCIETY, THE COUNCIL MAY DECIDE TO CONSULT THE MEMBERSHIP. When the Council is not in session, the President may make such temporary rulings as are necessary, subject to review by the Council at its next meeting, or he/SHE may submit questions [by mail] to all members of the Council for their vote. A majority of the members shall constitute a quorum of the Council.
Section 4. The President shall preside at meetings of the Society and shall chair the Council. The President shall be authorized to fill any vacancies that may occur on committees for the remainder of unexpired terms and shall perform such other duties as are incident to the office or as may be required by vote of the membership or of the Council at any duly constituted meeting.
Section 5. The President-Elect shall chair meetings of the Society and the Council in the absence of the President.
Section 6. The Secretary-[Treasurer] ARCHIVIST shall be the recording secretary of the Council and of the Society. The Secretary-[Treasurer] ARCHIVIST shall make a report to the membership once each year on the organization and activities of the Council and the Society. THE SECRETARY/ARCHIVIST SHALL MAINTAIN INFORMATION CONCERNING THE CONSTITUTION, PERSONS SERVING ON THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL AND THEIR TERMS OF OFFICE, AND THE ANNUAL MEETING INCLUDING LOCAL HOSTS AND PROGRAM CHAIRS, THE PROGRAM AND THE BOOK OF ABSTRACTS.
The [Secretary-] Treasurer shall receive and have custody of the Societys funds, maintain its accounts and pay expenses authorized by the Societys budget. At the end of each fiscal year, the accounts shall be audited by a certified public accountant approved by the Council and the report communicated to the Council and the Society. THE TREASURER SHALL PROVIDE A LIST OF MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE AND TO RECEIVE NEWSLETTERS AND MEETING ANNOUNCEMENTS. THE TREASURER SHALL RECEIVE ELECTION BALLOTS IN ORDER TO DETERMINE VOTING ELIGIBILITY, AND ALSO RETAIN THE BALLOTS FOR A PERIOD OF 30 DAYS AFTER THE RESULTS HAVE BEEN OFFICIALLY ANNOUNCED TO THE MEMBERSHIP PENDING ANY REQUESTED REVIEW OF VOTING PROCEDURES.
Section 7. The Past-President shall [act upon membership applications and shall maintain a current list of members eligible to vote] PRESIDE OVER THE BIENNIAL ELECTION OF COUNCIL MEMBERS.
ARTICLE IV
Meetings
Section 1. The Council shall call a general meeting of the society to be held each year at a time and location of its choosing. At each annual meeting there shall be at least one business meeting at which the Officers and Council shall report to the Society and respond to questions from members. A majority of the members present may pass resolutions consistent with Article 1, Section 3 PROVIDED THERE IS A QUORUM OF 25% OF THE TOTAL MEMBERSHIP.
Section 2. [Notice of each regular business meeting and any special business meeting that may be called by the Council shall be mailed to each member of the Society at least fifteen days before the meeting.] MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY WILL BE NOTIFIED OF EACH REGULAR BUSINESS MEETING AND ANY SPECIAL BUSINESS MEETING THAT MAY BE CALLED BY THE COUNCIL AT LEAST FIFTEEN DAYS BEFORE THE MEETING.
ARTICLE V
Elections and Appointments
Section 1. The President-Elect, Secretary-ARCHIVIST AND Treasurer and elected members of the Council shall be elected by mail ballot of those qualified to vote. They shall take office at the end of the annual meeting of the Society following their election.
Section 2. The member-at-large of the Council to be appointed [each year] shall be appointed at the Council meeting held during the annual meeting of the Society and shall take office at the end of that meeting.
Section 3. The Elections COMMITTEE CONSISTING OF PAST-PRESIDENT AND ANY MEMBERS OF COUNCIL APPROVED BY THE COUNCIL shall invite the electorate to suggest nominees. The invitation shall be issued by mail no less than four months prior to the next annual meeting and shall be returned no less than three months prior to that meeting. The Elections Committee shall select the final slate of candidates. This selection shall be guided by the suggestions of the electorate and shall ENDEAVOR TO maintain representation of the various disciplines of the Societys membership. The Elections Committee shall determine the willingness of nominees to serve, if elected. The election ballot shall contain the names of three nominees for each officer position and of six nominees for elected Council member-at-large, and shall designate space for write-in candidates. The Elections Committee shall be responsible for the conduct of the election. Ballots shall be mailed no less than two months prior to the next annual meeting and shall be returned no less than one month prior to that meeting. Members of the electorate may vote for one candidate for each officer position and for two candidates for elected Council member-at-large. Each voter shall sign the envelope in which the ballot is returned. The candidates that received the highest number of votes for each officer position and the highest and second highest number of votes for elected Council member-at-large shall be elected. The Elections Committee shall [tabulate] OVERSEE THE TABULATION OF the ballots and report the results to the President.
Section 4. Election results shall be reviewed and verified by the Council if any voter so requests within thirty days after results are announced to the membership of the Society. All ballots shall be retained by the [Secretary-]Treasurer at least until the end of that thirty-day period and until any requested review has been completed.
ARTICLE VI
Committees
Section 1. The Elections Committee shall consist of the Past-President serving as chair and, UP TO three members appointed by the Council at or following its regular annual meeting. THE BALLOTS WILL BE REMITTED TO THE TREASURER WHO WILL RETAIN THE BALLOTS IN THEIR ORIGINAL ENVELOPES UNTIL THEY ARE COUNTED BY THE TREASURER AND AT LEAST ONE MEMBER OF THE ELECTIONS COMMITTEE.
Section 2. The Program Committee and its chair shall be appointed by the Council at or following the Societys regular annual meeting. The Program Committee shall issue announcements and call for papers and presentations for the next meeting and distribute a program in advance of the meeting. All program proposals and all submitted papers and presentations shall be judged and accepted or rejected by the Program Committee, or by appropriate persons selected by the Committee, on their scientific or scholarly merits and their conformity to the purposes of the Society.
Section 3. The Council shall appoint a Local Arrangements chair at or following the Societys regular annual meeting. The new Local Arrangements chair, in consultation with the President, may appoint a co-chair and/or a Committee to assist in making arrangements for the next meeting.
Section 4. The Council may establish such other committees as may be helpful in the management of the Societys affairs,
Section 5. In appointing committee members and chairs, the Council shall ENDEAVOR to maintain representations of the various disciplines of the Societys membership.
ARTICLE VII
Amendments
Section 1. The Constitution may be amended by affirmative vote of two-thirds of those voting in a referendum submitted by mail to the Societys voting membership.
Section 2. Amendments may be proposed by majority vote of the Council or by petition of at least five percent of the Societys voting membership.
Section 3. Proposed amendments shall be transmitted to eligible voters at least 45 days before the deadline for return of votes.
DARWINISM AND SOCIOBIOLOGY IN JAPAN
Osamu Sakura
Japan: A Pre-Darwinian Country until the 1970s. Although many of Charles Darwins works including the Origin were translated into Japanese during the late 19th century, this did not result in biologists carrying out evolutionary research. Instead, "Spencerism" became popular rather than Darwinism, and the works of Herbert Spencer were widely read in Japan. As in many other countries including the UK and the US, "Social Darwinism" was adopted in Japan as a theory of social evolution.
Even after World War II, in spite of the increased flow of outside cultural influences there was still little movement towards accepting the Darwinian paradigm. From the end of the war until the late 1970s, two anti-Darwinian theories were popular in the Japanese biological community: Lysenkoism and Imanishiism. The Lamarckian approach of the Soviet biologist Trofim Denisovich Lysenko was especially influential among Marxist biologists. Lysenkoism reached its peak of popularity in Japan during the first two decades after World War II when anti-Western sentiment was at its height within the Japanese intellectual community. Thereafter, however, the influence of Lysenkoism began to decrease, and by the late 1970s, Lysenkos theory had completely lost its Japanese audience.
The Imanishi movement was based on the work of Kinji Imanishi (19021991) of Kyoto University, one of the founders of Japanese ecology. Imanishis writings are filled with mystical ideas that read like Zen Koans. His strongly anti-Darwinian evolutionary theory can be summarized in three points: anti-selectionism, saltationism, and holism. He denied the existence of intraspecific competition or, in fact, of any sort of selection at all, and instead emphasized internal stability (see Sibatani, 1982; Halstead, 1985). Until the 1970s, mainstream ecology in Japan was dominated by the holistic, collectivist approach of this "Kyoto school" made up of Imanishi and his students. The Kyoto school also made a point of using the slogan "Imanishiism vs. Darwinism" to imply that there was a uniquely Japanese view of nature that was distinct from Western thought.
By 1975 then, just before the arrival of sociobiology, there was still essentially no Darwinism in Japan. Although the influence of Imanishiism had begun to decline, as a "Japanese theory," it still held a strong appeal to the considerable ethnocentrist element within Japanese society. In 1979, for example, Imanishi received the prestigious Medal of Culture (Bunka Kunsho), which is awarded for exceptional contributions to Japanese culture.
The 1980s: Sociobiology Arrives. In spite of the nationalistic appeal of Imanishis thinking, however, a younger generation of biologists born during the 1930s, 1940s and even 1950s, had already begun to realize that a more powerful theoretical framework was needed. These younger biologists were open to a new theoretical paradigm because they saw that Imanishis holistic paradigm had only limited explanatory ability and were therefore ready to break the bonds of Japanese intellectual isolationism in evolutionary biology. Thus, when Wilsons Sociobiology arrived in the mid-1970s, many Japanese researchers who came in contact with it were quick to accept this new evolutionary paradigm.
The first group to embrace the new theory had a different background as well. While the Kyoto school that dominated biological thought in Japan was largely made up of ecologists, the main supporters of sociobiology in Japan were ethologists. The most influential of these were Toshitaka Hidaka (b. 1930), Yoshiaki Ito (b. 1930) and Yuji Kishi (b. 1947), the "Three Musketeers" of Japanese sociobiology. Besides these three, the pro-sociobiology movement in Japan included many other young biologists who were open to new ideas. One common factor amongst all of them was that none had direct or formal relations with the Kyoto school. Even Hidaka, a professor at Kyoto University, was educated in Tokyo and in ethology, not ecology and so was not regarded as a member of the "Kyoto school".
Beyond the internal dynamics of the acceptance of sociobiology within Japanese academia, perhaps the most interesting feature that separates Japan from most European societies was the fact that the new theory produced little controversy within Japanese society. We Japanese accepted sociobiology with little controversy or public discussion even about the appropriateness of applying a sociobiological perspective to human behavior. I see three possible explanations for this lack of controversy:
(1) The Absence of Darwinism. Perhaps the most important factor in preventing controversy was the relative isolation of evolution and ecology in Japan. The sources of controversy against the sociobiology movement in the US and the UK were mostly based on previous historical experiences with evolutionary thinking. Many lay persons impressions of Darwinian theories of natural selection were inaccurate, and even for evolutionists natural selection often meant group selection.
(2) The Lack of Opposition from the Left. One of the strongest anti-sociobiology voices in the US came from Marxist biologists who vehemently opposed sociobiology on ideological grounds (Segerstrale, 1986). In Japan, however, this situation did not arise. In fact, two of the three pioneers of sociobiology had left-leaning ideologies, and one had been a communist. Instead of opposing the sociobiological framework as biological determinism, however, they worked to de-ideologize the concept. Thus, the three central figures repeatedly emphasized that sociobiology had no relation to eugenics, sexism or racism. This ideological "role reversal" may have helped to defuse the controversial aspects of sociobiology. For example, in 1980, when Yuji Kishis translation of E. O. Wilsons On Human Nature was published, he appended twenty pages of translator notes to the Japanese version in which he cautioned against the unlimited application of human sociobiology.
(3) The Absence of a Popular Science Press. It took more than ten years for sociobiology to be spread through Japanese society. The main reason for the slow spread of sociobiology was that during the early 1980s science journalism had not yet matured in Japan. In fact, the Japanese popular press did not even mention sociobiology until 1985. This lack of coverage may well have prevented the diffusion of sociobiological thought in Japan into non-biological fields such as philosophy, history, anthropology and sociology and thus limited the level of discussion in both the public mind and amongst Japanese social scientists. Japanese philosophers and science historians did not really begin to discuss sociobiology before 1990.
Comparing Japan with Other Countries. Finally I would like to compare the Japanese experience in the adoption of sociobiological thought with those of German-speaking countries and Korea. German-speaking countries had a strong anti-sociobiology "guru" in Konrad Lorenz (19031989). Lorenz, who won the Nobel Prize in 1972, created a well-known school of ethology in Germany and Austria and campaigned against the "selfish gene" perspective. His influence was still very big during the 1970s, and as a result, German-speaking countries also experienced a long delay in the adoption of sociobiological thought. They also, however, experienced rather serious controversies of their own.
Korea shows another pattern. Classical ethology, sociobiology and even evolutionary psychology were all simultaneously introduced in Korea during the early 1990s, and, unlike Japan, these ideas were popularized early on. Another difference was that in Korea the introduction of sociobiology has sparked a lively debate.
We do not yet have sufficient data to discuss the acceptance of sociobiology in other countries, although Bereczkei (1993) reports the Hungarian case. Sociobiology has been one of the most influential biological ideas in the humanities and social sciences during the last quarter of a century and understanding the reaction to sociobiology in different countries is useful for evaluating the effect of the idea of evolution on our self-image as human beings. Such research also provides useful data on cultural evolution and can be used in reconstructing the history of science. I would be very grateful to readers who can help us extend this comparative program by providing information on the history of the reception of sociobiology in other countries or intellectual fields. If you feel that you can help with this effort, please send e-mail to sakura@tan.business.ynu.ac.jp.
References
[Note: A longer version of this article will appear in Biology and Philosophy.]
Osamu Sakura, Institute of Human Behavioral Science, Faculty of Business Administration, Yokohama National University; sakura@tan.business.ynu.ac.jp
AT THE DAWN OF HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY STUDIES IN JAPAN
Toshikazu Hasegawa
In 1995, my wife, Mariko Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, and I came to our first HBES meeting, the only two Japanese to attend. Although we were familiar with HBES topics through Marikos Japanese translation of The Red Queen and The Ant and the Peacock, we were surprised at the extent of research in the field. We were also impressed that, unlike Japan, there was a great deal of interdisciplinary collaboration between evolutionary biologists and social scientists.
Inspired by the Santa Barbara meeting, we started working with Osamu Sakura of Yokohama National University to introduce evolutionary research on humans to the Japanese public as well as to begin our own empirical research program. I began by writing an article on the Santa Barbara meeting for the monthly life science magazine, Iden (Genetics), and Osamu translated John Horgans rather cynical Scientific American article for Nikkei Science. Mariko and I also wrote several review papers in Japanese, while Osamu published Shinka Ron no Chosen (The Challenge of Evolutionary Theory), in which he traces the development of Darwinism perspectives on human affairs. Last year, we edited a special issue on HBES research for Kagaku (Science), a leading monthly scientific magazine in Japan. Thanks to stimulating contributions by Stephen Emlen and Robin Dunbar along with other articles, that issue of Kagaku sold out in record time. We are also working on translations of Homicide and Why We Get Sick?
We also organized a series of symposia and workshops at several Japanese academic meetings, and recently set up mailing lists on the internet. A minor difficulty with organizing the workshops was finding speakers who are both evolution-minded and interested human nature. Such scholars are scattered across numerous fields and had seldom met before. Once we were together, however, we quickly felt a sense of solidarity, just as we feel at HBES meetings. Although the development of evolutionary research in Japan is still at an early stage, there are already at least thirty people interested in evolutionizing Japanese social science research. Last November, we invited Margo Wilson and Martin Daly to our forum.
To date, the research of our group has been based on replicating some classic studies, such as cheater detection mechanisms, homicide patterns and cognitive sex differences, some of which we presented at the Tucson HBES meeting. Our graduate students Masaaki Yusa and Kai Hiraishi have also been trying to disentangle the threads of human universals and the evolutionary basis of personality systems. International joint research programs are going on as well, and groups at other Japanese universities have also developed research programs, including: Toshio Yamagishi and his colleague in experimental social psychology at Hokkaido University (one-shot altruism and within-group favoritism); Mayuko Nakamaru of Kyushu University and Hiroyuki Matsuda of Tokyo University, both mathematical ecologists (evolutionary models of reciprocal altruism using a lattice model); Soichi Uchii, a professor of ethics at Kyoto University and author of the, recently published book Shinka to Rinri (Evolution and Ethics); Ryo Oda of the Anthropology Department at Kyoto University (experimental research based on evolutionary psychology theories); Kiyoshi Takahashi of Tokyo University (cultural transmission from a population genetics perspective).
Although evolutionary research on humans is just beginning and sometimes faces difficulties such as anti-Darwinism and accusations of determinism, we feel excited about the future of such research in Japan.
Toshikazu Hasegawa, Department of Psychology, Tokyo University, Komaba ; chase@komaba.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
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President: Margo Wilson, Department of Psychology, McMaster University., Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1; email wilson@mcmaster.ca
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